In Sickness and In Health

     Everyone loves a wedding. It is a festive celebration of two lives joined into one. But after every wedding comes a marriage. It has been said that "a marriage may be made in heaven, but the maintenance must be done on earth." Just as there will be times of celebration in every marriage, there certainly will be times of challenge.
     While our human nature would lead us to hope for the best in life, our human experience would have us prepare for the worst. Call it being realistic.

Wedding Vows

     This reality is acknowledged in the traditional wedding vows when a couple pledges their loyalty to one another "in sickness and in health." Without prior planning, disability due to illness or injury can add unnecessary legal and financial challenges to any marriage. Fortunately, some preventive "maintenance" now could help avoid disaster later. In this article we review some of the most essential preventive measures to help you honor your wedding vows.

Legal Challenges

     Most married couples, whether celebrating their six-month or their sixtieth anniversary, have the mistaken belief that they can make personal, health care and financial decisions for one another in the event either becomes disabled without outside interference. Nothing could be further from the truth.
     Problem: Every adult American citizen is responsible for making their own personal, health care and financial decisions.
     Accordingly, if one spouse is legally disabled, then the other spouse will not automatically have access to the disabled spouse's medical information, bank accounts, retirement plans, etc. In fact, the healthy spouse will not be able to file a joint income tax return for the couple.
     Consequence: Unless you already have legally appointed your spouse to be your Agent to make your decisions in the event of your disability, then decisions regarding your personal, health care and financial affairs may come to a screeching halt. You and your spouse may find yourselves involuntary participants in the Lawyer Full-Employment Program of the Probate Court.
     First, the non-disabled spouse may be required to hire an attorney to bring a lawsuit declaring the disabled spouse legally disabled, and asking the Probate Court to give the non-disabled spouse the legal authority to act on behalf of the disabled spouse.
     Second, the Probate Judge (i.e., lawyer #2) may appoint another lawyer to represent the disabled spouse against their non-disabled spouse.
     Eventually, after considerable red tape, expense and disclosure of private matters (i.e., personal, health care and financial), the Probate Judge may appoint the non-disabled spouse Guardian over personal and health care matters and Conservator over financial matters.
     Fortunately, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure when it comes to avoiding the Lawyer Full-Employment Program. In fact, if you are at least 18 years old, whether married or single, then you need to appoint a trusted loved one to make your personal, health care and financial decisions in the event you are not able to do so yourself. These critical documents should include a Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care Decisions/Health Care Treatment Directive (or Living Will), and a Durable Power of Attorney for Financial Matters.

Financial Challenges

     During your working years, be sure to maintain adequate Disability Income Insurance in case you are unable to work due to an injury or illness. Many families are forced into bankruptcy when the household income is insufficient to meet financial obligations due to the loss of a paycheck.
     Then, after your working years, your need for Disability Income Insurance (to protect your paycheck) should be replaced by Long-Term Care Insurance. Without it, many couples are forced to rely on Medicaid (i.e., welfare) to pay for their long-term care after their assets have been depleted to the poverty level.
     Competent legal counsel can help guide you through these legal and financial challenges.

Non-Citizen Spouses

     More U.S. citizens are marrying foreign national spouses as a natural consequence of international travel, study and commerce. These marriages specifically enrich both families and generally enrich the great "melting pot" which is the United States of America. However, without proper planning, such marriages could unintentionally and unnecessarily enrich the IRS.
     When a marriage is between U.S. citizens, each spouse may give away during life or pass at death an unlimited amount of assets to one another. This is called, appropriately, the unlimited marital deduction. However, rather complex special estate and gift tax rules apply to transfers of assets from a U.S. citizen spouse to a non-citizen spouse. Failure to comply with these rules can be expensive.

Lifetime Giving

     A U.S. citizen may give up to $125,000 each year free of gift taxes to their non-citizen spouse. Any amount exceeding that protected threshold is subject to gift taxes. This rule is clear and easy to understand. The rules for post-mortem transfers, on the other hand, are complex, especially for estates exceeding the applicable estate tax exemption amount (e.g., currently $2 million).

Post-Mortem Transfers

     General rule: If the estate of a U.S. citizen passing to their non-citizen surviving spouse exceeds the applicable estate tax exemption amount, then the amount in excess will not qualify for the unlimited marital deduction. Exception: If the non-citizen spouse becomes a U.S. citizen before the estate tax return is due (within nine months of death), or if the estate passing to the non-citizen spouse is held in a Qualified Domestic Trust (QDOT), then estate taxes will not be triggered on the excess upon the death of the U.S. citizen spouse. [Note: Up to $600,000 of the value of the personal residence and its contents may be excluded when determining whether the applicable estate tax exemption has been reached.] The underlying purpose of requiring use of the QDOT is to ensure collection of the estate tax on the death of the non-citizen spouse (who otherwise could remove the assets from the United States and deprive the IRS of its eventual inheritance).

QDOT Requirements

     The rules governing QDOTs are set forth in Internal Revenue Code Section 2056A(a) and related Treasury Regulations. Here are just a few highlights:

• At least one trustee of the QDOT must be a U.S. citizen or a domestic corporation.
• While QDOT trust income distributed to a non-citizen spouse is not subject to the QDOT tax, distributions of principal will be subject to federal estate taxes (unless made due to a qualifying hardship).
• The U.S. trustee must be able to withhold taxes due on any trust principal distributions.

     Bottom line: The lifetime or post-mortem transfer of assets to a non-citizen spouse can be an unnecessarily taxing experience. Seek appropriate legal counsel to limit such experience.